Read more about the article The Evolving Theatre of Urban Warfare: A Post-Modern Battlefield in Ukraine and Gaza
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The Evolving Theatre of Urban Warfare: A Post-Modern Battlefield in Ukraine and Gaza

This paper examines the evolving dynamics of urban warfare, emphasising the integration of advanced technologies and their profound impact on modern military operations. Through detailed analyses of the battles of Bakhmut and Gaza, the study explores how innovations such as kamikaze drones, precision-guided munitions, and enhanced surveillance systems have transformed the urban battlefield, rendering it both deadlier and less predictable. The research highlights how these technologies have led to the ‘civilianisation’ of high-tech warfare, where cyber operations and sophisticated information campaigns play roles as critical as physical firepower. Additionally, the paper investigates the psychological dimensions of urban combat, focusing on the use of cyber warfare to influence morale and public perception. By synthesising insights from recent conflicts, this study reflects on the operational, ethical, and strategic challenges faced by modern militaries, particularly in densely populated environments. The findings aim to inform future defence strategies, offering valuable perspectives for policymakers and military planners confronting the complexities of post-modern urban warfare.

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18 February 2025
Read more about the article The Strategic Vulnerability of NATO Logistics in Wartime: Lessons from Ukraine
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The Strategic Vulnerability of NATO Logistics in Wartime: Lessons from Ukraine

In light of NATO’s recent focus on logistics in high-intensity, large-scale warfare, this paper examines the vulnerabilities of the Alliance’s ability to sustain and resupply forces, based on lessons learned from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It analyses how threats to logistics evolved in modern combat, revealing the critical role of military sustainment within contemporary military strategy and the challenges that NATO must face in supporting and enabling operations on the battlefield.

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14 February 2025
Read more about the article Trump’s Greenland Proposal: Balancing Territorial Integrity, Self-Determination, and Strategic Interests
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Trump’s Greenland Proposal: Balancing Territorial Integrity, Self-Determination, and Strategic Interests

Trump’s ambition to gain control over Greenland has unsettled Denmark, the people of Greenland, and much of Europe. As the world’s largest island, Greenland is an autonomous region within the Kingdom of Denmark with aspirations for independence. This article will analyse Greenland’s legal status and potential path to independence. Additionally, it will explore the various strategies the United States might pursue to assert influence over the island and will examine the potential implications of Greenlandic independence for these efforts.

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12 February 2025
Read more about the article Space-to-Space Military Systems — An Operational Paradigm Shift
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Space-to-Space Military Systems — An Operational Paradigm Shift

Current developments in space-to-space kinetic and non-kinetic weapons are changing the nature of military conduct in outer space. Additionally added flexibility, manoeuvrability and sustainability in space operations is made possible by in-orbit refuelling, servicing, assembly and manufacturing capabilities. When coupled with new technologies like military space vehicles, hunter-killer and nesting doll satellites and converged directed energy weapons, the space domain is realigned with more traditional operational domains of warfare. Although the nature of many military systems are by nature classified, one can infer from the current gamut of Western and adversarial projects already implemented but also in development that an operational paradigm shift is taking place in space. As such, European interoperability has never been so crucial - but similarly so is the ability to militarise space while guided by a stern moral compass, where legal accountability is ambiguous. In this vein, the article contends that space is experiencing an operational paradigm shift. Space is now, for all effects and purposes, a battlefield.

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10 February 2025
Read more about the article Universal Jurisdiction: A Bridge Between International Criminal Law and EU Defence and Security
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Universal Jurisdiction: A Bridge Between International Criminal Law and EU Defence and Security

This paper aims to demonstrate how EU Defence and Security reflects International Criminal Law (hereafter ICL). Said link is analysed through the notion of transitional justice, lending itself to the concept of universal jurisdiction. Analysing the latter contributes to highlighting the concrete workings of ICL on a global scale, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the security and defence considerations in question. In fact, this paper assesses that it is beneficial for EU Member States to consider undertaking universal jurisdiction within the ambit of their security and defence policies, as such action positively contributes to EU diplomatic relations, contrary to what is commonly believed. Such a finding thus justifies the final observation that EU States should consider exercising universal jurisdiction as part of their defence and security strategies, thereby bolstering the importance of accountability as a global value.

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6 February 2025