Read more about the article The Involvement of the Private Sector in the Militarisation of Outer Space and the Liability Problem
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The Involvement of the Private Sector in the Militarisation of Outer Space and the Liability Problem

The military use of space is not new, yet it has developed and become more advanced today. Space is relatively unregulated, as multilateral organizations such as the UN find themselves powerless to strengthen existing legal agreements. The private industry has evolved rapidly and challenges governments’ monopolization of the use of space. Outer space is now a shared realm with both public priorities and private initiatives, which impacts state security and the military use of space. The aim of this paper is to analyse how the involvement of private companies change the militarisation of outer space, which, while not new, has developed and become more advanced today. Some limits are placed by the existing legislation, but only upon States, while private companies are becoming more important in the outer space militarisation field.

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24 April 2025
Read more about the article Setting the Limit for AI Weaponry in the Changing Nature of Modern Warfare
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Setting the Limit for AI Weaponry in the Changing Nature of Modern Warfare

In an age when algorithms dictate almost every aspect of our lives, from social media feeds in daily life to missile trajectories in national and international decisions, Artificial Intelligence should be studied beyond purely technological curiosity in its application to warfare in reshaping the boundaries of security, ethics, and human rights. This paper explores the transformative role of AI in modern warfare, focusing on Israel’s deployment of AI-driven weaponry and its influential power in reshaping the future of armed conflict. The research delves into how the diminished role of human oversight has contributed to targeting inaccuracies and civilian casualties in the current war in Palestine.

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23 April 2025
Read more about the article Generative AI and Foreign Electoral Interference: How Information Warfare Threatens Democracies
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Generative AI and Foreign Electoral Interference: How Information Warfare Threatens Democracies

This article explores how foreign actors use generative AI and disinformation to manipulate democratic processes and public trust. Drawing on concepts such as digital geopolitics, information warfare, and disinformation, this paper analyses recent examples of electoral interference in the United States and the European Union. The study reveals how digital technologies and social media algorithms amplify polarisation and facilitate the exercise of malign foreign influence. Finally, it highlights forward-looking recommendations for EU resilience, highlighting the urgent need for action to preserve the integrity of its democratic institutions.

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22 April 2025
Read more about the article Mercenaries Made in Europe? Exploring the Need for a European Regulatory Framework of Private Military Companies
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Mercenaries Made in Europe? Exploring the Need for a European Regulatory Framework of Private Military Companies

This research paper examines the operations of European Private Military Companies (PMCs) and their implications for European security, both abroad and domestically. It discusses two case studies on European-based PMCs which were involved in an incident in the eastern Congolese city of Goma after Rwandan-backed rebels captured the town in January 2025. The study finds significant potential risks to European foreign policy and security interests arising from European military contractors’ collaboration with strategic contestants of Europe and their operational conduct in conflict areas. Additionally, it reveals how European PMCs operating in third countries can be linked to ventures that undermine security within Europe, as demonstrated in the case of Romania, highlighting the dangers posed by inadequate control mechanisms of European-based military contractors. The analysis concludes with policy recommendations for a unified European regulatory mechanism to oversee PMCs.

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15 April 2025
Read more about the article Hope For a New Perspective on Ballistic Missile Non-Proliferation? An Analysis of International Humanitarian & Environmental Law and Political Science
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Hope For a New Perspective on Ballistic Missile Non-Proliferation? An Analysis of International Humanitarian & Environmental Law and Political Science

This paper explores the persistent dangers of ballistic missiles (BMs) despite international legal efforts to curb their proliferation and use. It analyses violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Environmental Law (IEL), using the 44-Day War between Armenia and Azerbaijan as a case study to illustrate the devastating impact of BMs on civilians and the environment. While acknowledging the challenges posed by realist perspectives in international relations, the paper adopts a constructivist approach, suggesting that a shift in state identities and interests could encourage greater commitment to disarmament efforts. In this regard, the EU Space Strategy is highlighted as a potential avenue for promoting norms that prioritise humanitarian and environmental concerns in the context of space security.

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14 April 2025