Read more about the article The White Paper on Defence: How a Single Market Can Boost Efficiency and Interoperability
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The White Paper on Defence: How a Single Market Can Boost Efficiency and Interoperability

The 2025 White Paper on Defence outlines a strategic framework for enhancing European security through greater financial incentives, integration, and strategic autonomy. Aiming to address significant gaps such as underinvestment, industrial fragmentation, and capability deficiencies, the White Paper proposes a Single Market for Defence to streamline procurement, boost innovation, and strengthen partnerships. This article conducts a policy-driven critical analysis to assess the feasibility of the ambitious initiative, outlining the implications for reaching full-spectrum interoperability in the European defence sector. The paper emphasises that despite financial and political challenges, implementing a Single Market for Defence would establish a more resilient and autonomous European security architecture, ensuring preparedness against evolving security threats.

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16 April 2025
Read more about the article Mercenaries Made in Europe? Exploring the Need for a European Regulatory Framework of Private Military Companies
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Mercenaries Made in Europe? Exploring the Need for a European Regulatory Framework of Private Military Companies

This research paper examines the operations of European Private Military Companies (PMCs) and their implications for European security, both abroad and domestically. It discusses two case studies on European-based PMCs which were involved in an incident in the eastern Congolese city of Goma after Rwandan-backed rebels captured the town in January 2025. The study finds significant potential risks to European foreign policy and security interests arising from European military contractors’ collaboration with strategic contestants of Europe and their operational conduct in conflict areas. Additionally, it reveals how European PMCs operating in third countries can be linked to ventures that undermine security within Europe, as demonstrated in the case of Romania, highlighting the dangers posed by inadequate control mechanisms of European-based military contractors. The analysis concludes with policy recommendations for a unified European regulatory mechanism to oversee PMCs.

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15 April 2025
Read more about the article The AI War Machine: Chinese State-Conscious Cybernetics and the Evolution of Military Intelligence
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The AI War Machine: Chinese State-Conscious Cybernetics and the Evolution of Military Intelligence

This paper explores the evolving landscape of intelligentised warfare, focusing on the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), cybernetics, and cognitive warfare into modern military strategy. It examines how China and the European Union (EU) approach AI-driven military development, highlighting the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) intelligentised warfare doctrine, its emphasis on autonomous systems, AI-enhanced command structures and information dominance, as well as its strategic implications for Taiwan and future conflicts. Meanwhile, Europe’s perspective is shaped by ethical AI governance, NATO’s military AI strategy, and cognitive warfare countermeasures, reflecting tensions between technological sovereignty and regulatory constraints. The study also investigates the role of cybernetic control loops in AI warfare, the PLA’s cyber transformation, and the impact of AI-enabled disinformation, deepfake propaganda, and automated battlefield logistics on military engagement. Ultimately, the paper argues that intelligentised warfare represents not just an evolution in military technology but a fundamental shift in the nature of conflict, where the lines between physical war, cyber operations, and psychological warfare are increasingly blurred. The findings underscore the need for robust international AI governance to mitigate risks associated with autonomous military escalation and cognitive warfare strategies.

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19 March 2025
Read more about the article A regulatory roadmap to EU’s Security of Supply in Defence: Assessing the current legal framework effort and the next steps toward an effective Security of Supply Strategy
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A regulatory roadmap to EU’s Security of Supply in Defence: Assessing the current legal framework effort and the next steps toward an effective Security of Supply Strategy

Security of Supply in Defence has progressively shifted from being the sole interest of Member States to an area where the EU plays an increasingly important role. From the Directive on Defence Procurement and Intra-EU transfers to ASAP and EDIRPA, this paper examines the potential and limitations of the EU legal framework in supporting the Union’s Security of Supply. This analysis will lead us to consider the EU’s ability to ensure robust Security of Supply further through its EDIP proposal, marking a new step toward strategic autonomy.

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18 March 2025
Read more about the article Long-Range Capabilities Development in Ukraine: Current Projects and Implications for Europe
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Long-Range Capabilities Development in Ukraine: Current Projects and Implications for Europe

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine demonstrated how crucial long-range capabilities are in modern warfare. After a brief overview of Ukraine and Russia’s situation in this area at the beginning of the hostilities as well as the Western policy over missile supplies to Ukraine, this paper analyses how Ukraine has focused on the development of domestic long-range munitions to pursue a more autonomous strategic interdiction campaign against Russia, increasing its future deterrence potential. The study also discusses what implications these projects could have on future European missile capabilities in the context of an uncertain security environment and increased disengagement from the United States vis a vis European security.

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17 March 2025