Read more about the article Generative AI and Foreign Electoral Interference: How Information Warfare Threatens Democracies
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Generative AI and Foreign Electoral Interference: How Information Warfare Threatens Democracies

This article explores how foreign actors use generative AI and disinformation to manipulate democratic processes and public trust. Drawing on concepts such as digital geopolitics, information warfare, and disinformation, this paper analyses recent examples of electoral interference in the United States and the European Union. The study reveals how digital technologies and social media algorithms amplify polarisation and facilitate the exercise of malign foreign influence. Finally, it highlights forward-looking recommendations for EU resilience, highlighting the urgent need for action to preserve the integrity of its democratic institutions.

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22 April 2025
Read more about the article An Analysis of Space Debris II: The Space Weaponisation and the Kessler Syndrome
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An Analysis of Space Debris II: The Space Weaponisation and the Kessler Syndrome

The dual-use capacity of many space assets and technologies is bolstering the weaponisation of space and becoming a great threat to satellites and space-based services. Therefore, the militarisation of space presents security risks and technical, diplomatic and legal challenges. This paper delves into the challenges that weaponisation of space pose to the proliferation of space debris in orbit and the risk of triggering the Kessler Syndrome from a legal perspective. Consequently, this article proposes updating the international legal framework to regulate the behaviour of space actors, restrict the location in space of space weapons and assets as well as to ban certain weapons.

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17 April 2025
Read more about the article The White Paper on Defence: How a Single Market Can Boost Efficiency and Interoperability
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The White Paper on Defence: How a Single Market Can Boost Efficiency and Interoperability

The 2025 White Paper on Defence outlines a strategic framework for enhancing European security through greater financial incentives, integration, and strategic autonomy. Aiming to address significant gaps such as underinvestment, industrial fragmentation, and capability deficiencies, the White Paper proposes a Single Market for Defence to streamline procurement, boost innovation, and strengthen partnerships. This article conducts a policy-driven critical analysis to assess the feasibility of the ambitious initiative, outlining the implications for reaching full-spectrum interoperability in the European defence sector. The paper emphasises that despite financial and political challenges, implementing a Single Market for Defence would establish a more resilient and autonomous European security architecture, ensuring preparedness against evolving security threats.

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16 April 2025
Read more about the article Mercenaries Made in Europe? Exploring the Need for a European Regulatory Framework of Private Military Companies
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Mercenaries Made in Europe? Exploring the Need for a European Regulatory Framework of Private Military Companies

This research paper examines the operations of European Private Military Companies (PMCs) and their implications for European security, both abroad and domestically. It discusses two case studies on European-based PMCs which were involved in an incident in the eastern Congolese city of Goma after Rwandan-backed rebels captured the town in January 2025. The study finds significant potential risks to European foreign policy and security interests arising from European military contractors’ collaboration with strategic contestants of Europe and their operational conduct in conflict areas. Additionally, it reveals how European PMCs operating in third countries can be linked to ventures that undermine security within Europe, as demonstrated in the case of Romania, highlighting the dangers posed by inadequate control mechanisms of European-based military contractors. The analysis concludes with policy recommendations for a unified European regulatory mechanism to oversee PMCs.

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15 April 2025
Read more about the article The AI War Machine: Chinese State-Conscious Cybernetics and the Evolution of Military Intelligence
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The AI War Machine: Chinese State-Conscious Cybernetics and the Evolution of Military Intelligence

This paper explores the evolving landscape of intelligentised warfare, focusing on the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), cybernetics, and cognitive warfare into modern military strategy. It examines how China and the European Union (EU) approach AI-driven military development, highlighting the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) intelligentised warfare doctrine, its emphasis on autonomous systems, AI-enhanced command structures and information dominance, as well as its strategic implications for Taiwan and future conflicts. Meanwhile, Europe’s perspective is shaped by ethical AI governance, NATO’s military AI strategy, and cognitive warfare countermeasures, reflecting tensions between technological sovereignty and regulatory constraints. The study also investigates the role of cybernetic control loops in AI warfare, the PLA’s cyber transformation, and the impact of AI-enabled disinformation, deepfake propaganda, and automated battlefield logistics on military engagement. Ultimately, the paper argues that intelligentised warfare represents not just an evolution in military technology but a fundamental shift in the nature of conflict, where the lines between physical war, cyber operations, and psychological warfare are increasingly blurred. The findings underscore the need for robust international AI governance to mitigate risks associated with autonomous military escalation and cognitive warfare strategies.

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19 March 2025