From Sharpshooter to Sniper: The Evolution of Snipers in the Modern Battlefield

Over the centuries, the use of snipers in com- bat has evolved from a peripheral practice to a widespread feature of modern warfare. Rifle and optical technology have undergone huge advancements that have helped marksmen emerge as integral parts of offensive and de- fensive strategies. Today, snipers continue to impact combat in ways that far eclipse the sum of casualties caused. A powerful tool in stifling enemy morale, snipers are best de- scribed as specialists in precision shooting and as resilient, highly skilled masters of stealth.

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Energy Security in the EU: How Energy Affects the Union’s Military Operations

From a geopolitical perspective, the major actor crowding EU policymakers’ minds is Russia, as the EU imports around 30% of its oil and 40% of its gas from there. This de- pendence, however, is not distributed evenly. Certain member states (MS) import almost all their energy from Russia, especially in Eastern Europe, while others are exporters themselves.

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Europe’s Role in the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force

Targeted interoperability may be understood through the ongoing development of NATO's Very High Readiness Joint Task Force. This brigade-size rapid response force is designed to deploy its lead elements within 48 hours, ensuring prompt response to conflict. This multinational unit is unique in its very tight deployment timeline, which implies functional interoperability between several alliance members to a degree so far unseen within NATO.

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Counterterrorism in the EU: The New Agenda 2020-2025 and its Impact on Armed Forces Interoperability

Following the wave of terrorist attacks that shook Europe in 2015, policymakers in the EU realised the necessity to outline a comprehensive strategy to trace the path to fight against political extremism. Whether fuelled by ethnonationalism, religious, or ideological reasons, everyone wants to avoid the hundreds of deaths that plagued that year, and the following ones.

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The Professionalisation of The Armed Forces: The Citizen Soldier, Warrior Ethos, and the Conscript

“The patriot volunteer, fighting for his country and his rights, makes the most reliable soldier on earth” - American Confederate general Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson Though this may be argued, historically, it has been far from being the case that men and women in arms serving in their country’s army were doing so voluntarily. At least in the case of Europe, the bulk of the forces deployed for defensive or offensive purposes were levied peasants, oath-bound nobles, hired mercenaries, or conscripted citizens. These examples are a far cry from today’s European armies, which, for the most part, consist of a professional staff made up of volunteers. There have also been substantial changes felt in how military personnel have been utilised, both on and off the battlefield, ranging from a mix of fodder assisting trained professionals, to substantial increases in officer count, to technicians operating in and out of the line of fire, some of them being hired as corporate warriors. This led to shifts being felt throughout the societies those armies defend and continue to evolve to this very day.

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