Read more about the article From Resilience to Deterrence: Is the EU Shifting Toward Proactive Cyber Defence?
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From Resilience to Deterrence: Is the EU Shifting Toward Proactive Cyber Defence?

This paper examines the European Union’s evolving cyber defence strategy in response to the growing integration of cyber operations into hybrid warfare. It traces the EU’s doctrinal shift from a reactive, resilience-based posture to one that increasingly embraces proactive deterrence, including the potential use of offensive capabilities. By analysing key strategic documents and highlighting the case of France, the study illustrates both progress and limitations. While conceptual advances are evident, practical implementation remains a national competence. The paper concludes that translating strategic ambition into credible cyber deterrence will require legal clarity, interoperability, and coordinated capability development.

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7 April 2025
Read more about the article The Evolving Theatre of Urban Warfare: A Post-Modern Battlefield in Ukraine and Gaza
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The Evolving Theatre of Urban Warfare: A Post-Modern Battlefield in Ukraine and Gaza

This paper examines the evolving dynamics of urban warfare, emphasising the integration of advanced technologies and their profound impact on modern military operations. Through detailed analyses of the battles of Bakhmut and Gaza, the study explores how innovations such as kamikaze drones, precision-guided munitions, and enhanced surveillance systems have transformed the urban battlefield, rendering it both deadlier and less predictable. The research highlights how these technologies have led to the ‘civilianisation’ of high-tech warfare, where cyber operations and sophisticated information campaigns play roles as critical as physical firepower. Additionally, the paper investigates the psychological dimensions of urban combat, focusing on the use of cyber warfare to influence morale and public perception. By synthesising insights from recent conflicts, this study reflects on the operational, ethical, and strategic challenges faced by modern militaries, particularly in densely populated environments. The findings aim to inform future defence strategies, offering valuable perspectives for policymakers and military planners confronting the complexities of post-modern urban warfare.

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18 February 2025
Read more about the article The Downfall of Wagner and the Rise of Redut: The Growing Challenge of Russian PMCs for European Security
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The Downfall of Wagner and the Rise of Redut: The Growing Challenge of Russian PMCs for European Security

The collapse of the Wagner Group has paved the way for Redut, a GRU-backed private military company (PMC), to emerge as a key Kremlin tool for hybrid warfare. Operating in Ukraine, Africa, and Eastern Europe, the shadowy operational capabilities of Redut pose significant challenges to European Union (EU) missions and international stability. This report examines Redut’s structure, strategic objectives, and the broader implications of Russian PMC activities on global security and geopolitics. This paper discovers how Redut symbolises Russia’s evolving strategy in leveraging private military influence in conflict zones. Read the full analysis:

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3 December 2024
Read more about the article Seabed and hybrid warfare in Europe: the strategic importance of undersea cables in the Baltic region
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Seabed and hybrid warfare in Europe: the strategic importance of undersea cables in the Baltic region

The Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine has greatly transformed the political and military landscape in Europe. Amidst a tense strategic environment, the Nordic-Baltic region has emerged as a potential point of friction between Russian and NATO allies. The undersea cables beneath the Baltic Sea, which hold a vital importance for military communications, internet, and financial traffic, are a focal point in the battlefield preparation according to the Russian hybrid war planning. This study looks at the importance of sub-sea telecommunications infrastructure in the wider Baltic region within the context of hybrid warfare.

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19 November 2024
Read more about the article <strong>A Coordinated European Response to Hybrid Threats</strong>
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A Coordinated European Response to Hybrid Threats

In recent years, the topic of hybrid threats has become increasingly critical until being considered the 21st security challenge. Whereas the concept of hybrid threats may be considered new, linked to the developments of new technologies, it is not. Many of the tools of hybrid warfare are old, with the main exception being represented by the ones belonging to the cyber realm. However, the development of new technologies boosted the use of old tools, such as propaganda, by lowering their costs. Undoubtedly, the new reality in which we live increases the effectiveness of hybrid threats, because their strength lies in the possibility of combining activities and tools from different arenas. For example, the changes in the information and media landscape made the domain appealing to state and non-state actors for disinformation activities.

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5 August 2022