The Contribution of the EU Member States to the CSDP Framework

The current legal framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) was set in stone in 2009 by the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The CSDP is described in detail by the Articles 41 to 46 of the TEU. Article 41, paragraph 2 of the TEU, prohibits expenditure arising from military operations from being charged to the EU budget. Therefore, a large percentage of the military operations costs should be covered by the EU Member States (MS). According to Article 42 of the TEU, the Council of the European Union (EU) and the European Council unanimously decide on matters related to the CSDP.

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Counterterrorism in the EU: The New Agenda 2020-2025 and its Impact on Armed Forces Interoperability

Following the wave of terrorist attacks that shook Europe in 2015, policymakers in the EU realised the necessity to outline a comprehensive strategy to trace the path to fight against political extremism. Whether fuelled by ethnonationalism, religious, or ideological reasons, everyone wants to avoid the hundreds of deaths that plagued that year, and the following ones.

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EUFOR Crisis Response Operation Core: Enhancing Resilience through Interoperability

Following the Juncker’s Commission White Paper Scenario “Who Wants to Do More, Does More”, the Permanent Structured Cooperation’s (PESCO) 25 members are currently developing 47 projects covering the areas of training, land, maritime, air, cyber, and space. Among land initiatives, EUFOR stands out in fostering a coherent full spectrum force package as envisaged by PESCO’s core aim.

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Germany Invests in New Military Space Command

Germany has recently announced the development of a military space command, and they are far from the first country to do so. Indeed, several countries have recently decided to allocate significant resources and funding for the exploration of space. Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Germany’s defence minister, gave a statement in response to the creation of the space command, claiming that the underlying causes for its creation were due to “the increasing dependence of the armed forces on space-supported data, services and products and for the overall prosperity of the German people” (Machi, 2021).

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The Professionalisation of The Armed Forces: The Citizen Soldier, Warrior Ethos, and the Conscript

“The patriot volunteer, fighting for his country and his rights, makes the most reliable soldier on earth” - American Confederate general Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson Though this may be argued, historically, it has been far from being the case that men and women in arms serving in their country’s army were doing so voluntarily. At least in the case of Europe, the bulk of the forces deployed for defensive or offensive purposes were levied peasants, oath-bound nobles, hired mercenaries, or conscripted citizens. These examples are a far cry from today’s European armies, which, for the most part, consist of a professional staff made up of volunteers. There have also been substantial changes felt in how military personnel have been utilised, both on and off the battlefield, ranging from a mix of fodder assisting trained professionals, to substantial increases in officer count, to technicians operating in and out of the line of fire, some of them being hired as corporate warriors. This led to shifts being felt throughout the societies those armies defend and continue to evolve to this very day.

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