Writer: Sofia Linna
Supervisor: Jennifer Kalushi and Elise Alsteen
Editor: Jackson Elder
Abstract
This Research Report is the second part of a two-paper series on how Europe counters malign information influence and disinformation. The first paper looked at Sweden’s Cold War–era psychological defence model and its focus on resilience and fundamental rights.This follow-up shifts to the EU level, highlighting how, since 2015, the Union has expanded its toolbox, from the East StratCom Task Force and Action Plans against Disinformation to a strengthened Code of Practice. As large-scale campaigns from actors like Russia and China intensify, the EU is increasingly combining short-term countermeasures with long-term resilience initiatives such as the Democracy Shield and the Code of Conduct on Disinformation.
More in the full paper.
