Securing the Sky: Challenges to Building a European Integrated Air and Missile Defence System

This paper examines the prospects for a European Air Defence Shield, focusing on the technological, political and industrial challenges in creating an Integrated Air Defence (IADS). The urgency for a unified system is underscored by Russia’s war of aggression and the growing threats from hypersonic missiles, drones and electronic warfare. The European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI) marks an important step towards addressing these vulnerabilities but faces significant obstacles, including fragmented procurement and national priorities. The paper explores the potential of ESSI, its limitations and the broader need for an integrated European approach to air defence.

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Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s Victory Plan 

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has unveiled a bold five-part victory plan to end the war with Russia in 2024, focusing on fast-tracking NATO membership, increasing military aid, and leveraging Ukraine's economic resources. He views NATO membership as vital for Ukraine’s security and a symbolic defeat of Putin’s ambitions. While the plan has garnered some support, it faces sharp opposition from Russia, which warns of escalating conflict, and Hungary's Prime Minister Orbán, who calls for peace talks over more aid. Zelenskyy’s refusal to give away territory underscores his commitment to Ukraine’s sovereignty, but his success depends on continued international support amid shifting global priorities.

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The legal approach of the nuclear deterrence policy: A resurgence of the concept with the European Security Defence

In an era characterised by resurgent geopolitical tensions, the role of nuclear deterrence is once again at the forefront of European defence strategy. Traditionally seen as a military safeguard, nuclear deterrence evolves into a complex legal construct, raising concerns about its legitimacy, constraints, and adaptability. As the Russian invasion has reignited debates over nuclear strategy, it becomes clear that the legal dimensions of deterrence reflect both a continuity of Cold War-era principles and a significant shift toward flexible, adaptive policies. 
Given the potentially disastrous effects on civilian populations, the current legal framework raises severe humanitarian questions, even though nuclear deterrence serves as a critical safeguard. Therefore, by exploring the legal basis of nuclear deterrence and its role within Europe’s defence architecture, this article highlights the need for scrutinised legal adaptability in a rapidly evolving security landscape. Maintaining credible deterrence while ensuring compliance with legal obligations and humanitarian principles remains essential to reduce civilian casualties. 

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The Impact of Climate Change on Ground Defence Strategies

As climate change reshapes the global landscape, its impact is vast not just in its effect on the environment but also politics, economics and security. For European militaries, climate change is a “threat multiplier”, intensifying resource competition, migration as well as instability. From extreme weather disrupting operations to the growing demand for disaster relief, armed forces need to adapt to new challenges. This paper investigates how European military strategies are evolving in order to combat climate related threats, assessing the implications for national security and NATO’s collective defence. The future of defence is climate conscious- are we ready?

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The Modernisation of the Italian Armed Forces after the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has been a wake-up call for many countries in Europe, which decided to start a comprehensive modernization of their armed forces after decades of neglect. Although traditionally sceptical about prioritising the strengthening of its military, Italy is raising its defence expenditures to address the structural problems of its armed forces, which include a lack of personnel and adequate equipment. While these steps are surely essential, there is more that Italy can do to further improve the condition of its land, naval and air forces, including a better allocation of resources, the integration of innovative weapons systems in its arsenals and an increased proactivity in some European collaborative defence projects.

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